Abstract

At present, having skills to solve the various difficulties of everyday existence using logical reason, is very significant; also, towards the progress of science and technology; the result of research on the logical judgment of students is shown. The objective is to analyze the present phase of scientific discernment on logical thinking in the formative reality in the period 2016 to 2021. The methodology was based on the systematic review, using a quantitative, retrospective approach; non-experimental design, cross-sectional and retrospective type; the inquiry of information has been executed in prestigious databases; the descriptive results show that the definition of logical thinking has been evolving according to the development of technology which is a very influential factor; finally it was concluded that logical thinking is the solvency to solve difficulties, the logical and scientific do not exist if they are not related.

Keywords

Thinking; Logical Thinking; Logic; Education; Student

Introduction

The current inquiry is born of the lack of knowing the current phase of scientific and digital knowledge of the logical thinking of the students; to develop it, various retrospective techniques have been put into practice. In this reality it is necessary to conceive of thought as united of skills, two key elements are considered from a formative vision: it is learned and taught by improving with the appropriate practice; and it is not a unitary entity containing varied skills; study and explain the judicious courses the magnitudes are estimated both the content that alludes to what is reflected and the process that are the thinking skills that are activated while reflecting [1,2].

 So it is necessary to investigate what are the main causes that hinder logical reasoning and the lack of logical procedures in the development of problems; argumentation is an important competence, it is achieved when the teacher promotes argumentation in the classroom with the intention that this work serves as a consultation document for teachers [3]. It is necessary to ask the following question: What is

the present state of scientific knowledge about logical thinking in the formative environment during the period 2016 to 2021? The word "thought" is formed with Latin roots and represents "thinking effect". Its lexical elements are: pensare (estimate, compare), plus the suffix -miento (result). It is a word that is specified as the act or consequence of thinking, meditating, reflecting, studying, pondering or concentrating.

Thought is paramount to the cognitive progress of human beings; the word is often handled in a generic way that specifies all the results that the mind manages to forge by containing the reasoned actions of the intelligence or the meditations of idealism; it is the action and creation of the mind [4-6].

As for the term "logical" comes from the Greek logikê-logikós and in turn from logos whose meaning is reason. Logic is the science and art of finding the truth, it teaches to reason exactly. It is a discipline, which through norms and techniques, establish if a foundation is legitimate; it is conceived as the thought that is correct, where it is guaranteed that the close knowledge it provides adapts to the existing. The word "education" is found in literary works from the seventeenth century. The terms used were those of "raising" and "nurturing", meaning "sustraer forward", "train" as a resembling of "doctrino", anf "disciple” towards showing "discipline" or "disciple" [7,8] .

The word education derives from the Latin educates that represents to handle, to govern, to locate; it can also be related to the word educate: to remove outward, arriving at the etymological definition of "guider out" [9]. The term education comes from educate: to take from within, to relieve and to give birth. In this reality it is understood as the directionality that is given to life [10].

"The verb "to educate" seems to have made its first documentary appearance in the first half of the sixteenth century". The word "education" is used on a day-to-day basis since it involves us all in some way, where they would try to give a definition of education [11].

 It is always common to use etymology to know the meaning of the term, before elaborating a conceptualization related to the explanation of the reality to which the term corresponds term addresses the integral development of the person and must be integrated into his experience as a user; also the instruction is part of the complicated human and cultural evolution and finally education is dynamic and is perpetuated in the human being as an inert force that goes from the individual plane to the supraindividual and organic [12-14].

It is necessary to know the current state of logical thinking, it constitutes a main aspect of mastering, in the period of the concrete operations of the progress of the infant, since through them, these, progressively deploy notions of causal relationships; it is understood that social equity is similar to equal opportunities for all, in a society influenced by technological advances; the origin of mental operations should not be sought in expression but in the act as a seat of the ordering of practice [15-17]. The objective is to identify the real phase of scientific knowledge about logical thinking in reality in the 2016 to 2021 stage; to respond the following criteria are considered: authors, definition, type, research design, by journals according to quartiles, statisticians. In recent times the use of technology in pedagogical establishments has allowed to develop and fortify logical thinking, it is generating interest in the training community at the national and global level.

Methodology

The research had a quantitative approach, because the collection of quantities was used for numerary measurement and statistical study, in order to establish rules of conduct and experiment with theories complex variables [18]; is retrospective, because the collection of evidence was carried out after the occurrence of the facts [19]; it takes as a resource the data that constituted the foundations of information and proven inquiry [20]; it is non-experimental, because they do not have random is position, management of variables or collation sets. What happens is perceived in an original way, without getting in the way in any way [21].

It is transversal, because information is collected at a certain and retrospective moment, it studies the reconstruction of what happened, based on the data collected at present [22]. The search for information for this research work has been carried out in the databases Scopus, EBSCOhost, Academic OneFile, and Educator's Reference Complete (ERIC), because they are the set of information constituted referring to a series of documents in digital format [23]; in institutions of higher education the bases of internal management are important to be able to evaluate the publications [24]; initially a basic or general search was carried out using the variable under study, in thesaurus UNESCO the search is made for the synonyms of the words descriptors of "logical thinking".

With their synonym "reasoning"; in the advanced search the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR” are used, because they allow searches of information of greater complexity, in relation to the layers of spatial data, they are essential in superposition operations [25]. "The Bolean executors "∧","∨"and "¬" in several examiners are replaced, correspondingly, by "AND", "OR" and "NOT" [26].

The PRISMA flow scheme is a small unit of components, based on evidence, to support to show scope of systematic reviews, manages to be productive for the critical estimation of methodical or informed studies [27] "the PRISMA diagram is a north of transmission of the inquiry delineated to optimize the integrity of the scope of systematic reviews and meta-analyses" [28], making use of selection criteria such as: Inclusion criteria, was limited by each database between the years 2016 to 2021; considering the words "logical thinking" in the general search and "logical thinking", "reasoning" in the advanced search, in the latter the Boolean operators “AND” and “OR” were used; in Scopus, it was delimited by open access, year, thematic area, type of document, article, country, language.

In EBSCO host, it was defined to search for all search terms, full text of articles, date of publication and language. In Academic OneFile, it was restricted to relevance, full-text documents, by publication dates, by type of document. Finally, in Educator's Reference Complete (ERIC), it was limited by relevance, full-text documents, by publication dates, topics, by document type. Databases are considered as the set of information or documents in digital support. Elimination criteria, those that are not verified or systematic review articles, books, essays, web pages, publications in another language other than Spanish, full texts not available for download were excluded; finally, the researchers verify that the scientific articles consider the descriptive words within the title, in addition to being in the abstract and in the conclusions (Table 1).

In the general search in Scopus we found 238 articles; at EBSCO host, 70385; Academic OneFile, 416; and Educator's Reference Complete (ERIC), 158. Then the advanced search was carried out considering the Bolognan operators and using inclusion and exclusion criteria, where 25 articles representing 41.7% were obtained in Scopus; EBSCO host, 23 articles representing 38.3%; Academic OneFile, 8 articles representing 13.3% and Educator's Reference Complete (ERIC), 4 articles representing 6.7%; making a total of 60 items representing 100%.

In the PRISMA diagram, the search for information was evidenced in four information sheets where a total of 60 research papers were achieved, where 8 articles were excluded because there were duplicates, 7 articles by evaluation of title and abstract, 6 articles by full text, 11 articles by different language, 4 were not articles; leaving for the sample 24 articles for the study (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Prism diagram of inclusion and exclusion.

Results

The results consider the analysis of the original articles between the years 2016 to 2021, based on established criteria. In the sample of 24 articles, it is distinguished that all titles have, at least, two keywords of the variable; and the evolution of the concepts and contributions of logical thinking between 2016 and 2021 is evident.

In 2016 it is defined that reasoning is what admits the individual to establish the consistency of events, which involves revealing the various elements that make it up and in 2021 it is defined that the judgment of logic as the solvency of solving difficulties, understanding schemes and operating logic links (Table 2).

Table 3 show of the 24 articles, the majority (11) are qualitative, to a lesser extent (10) quantitative and much less (3) are mixed. According to the categorization of the journals considered by Simago, there is 1 in quartile Q1, 3 in Q3; in MIAR there are 16 journals that have a Composite Index of Secondary Diffusion, ICDS between 3.3 and 10.0; we can also observe that 4 journals do not have ranking categorization.

Table 4 shows that 2018 is where the largest number (6) articles related to the investigated variable equivalent to 25.0% were published; followed by the years 2016 and 2017 with the same number of articles (5) and in the year 2021, it is where the lowest number of articles (1) representing 4.2% has been published.

Discussion

Taking into account the results in Table 1, on the databases where the systematic review of the information was carried out, collecting and analyzing information on the keywords of the study variable, the articles of four main databases have been selected: Scopus, EBSCO host, Academic Onefile and Educator's Reference Complete (Eric); constituting the set of information or documents in digital support; where it was possible to identify that the database that contains the most information related to the variable of logical thinking in the advanced search is Escopus, which contains the majority of articles; and Educator's Reference Complete (Eric) with fewer articles. Quantitative and qualitative studies have been considered. The notions form the first steps to the real situation, to the unreal situation or to the inter subjective situation, which will have to be as cercerned [29].

In Figure 1, prism diagram has allowed the selection of articles according to the study variable the quantities of the advanced searches of the 4 databases have been taken, where at the end 24 articles have been selected that are directly related to the study variable. In Table 2, the 24 articles are ordered by year in ascending form from 2016 to 2021, where the evolution of the concepts and/or contributions of logical thinking is evidenced; in 2016 it is defined that the reasoning is attributed to the individual to establish the consistency of certain events, where it involves revealing the varied elements that compose it and in 2021 reasoning is defined as the faculty of solving inconveniences, understanding schemes and operating logic links [30].

In Table 3, it is evident that, of the 24 articles, most are of qualitative approach; according to the categorization of journals for Scimago, there are four journals that have quartile, the identification of the quartiles is with the letter Q and are 4 levels: the green color to indicate the Q1, the yellow Q2, the orange Q3 and the red Q4. Q1 is the one with the greatest impact [31]. Most (sixteen) are in Miar and there is also an amount that has not been located. The MIAR Ranking according to the ICDS, are four groups of journals, ICDS: A), between 10.8 and 11.0; B), between 9.8 and 10.0; C), between 9.5 and 9.7 and, finally, D), journals with an ICDS lower than 9.5 and four have not identified the ranking [32].

In Table 4, it can be seen that in 2018 the largest number of articles related to the variable were published and then it has decreased in the following year and so far in 2021 the least number of articles is being published [33-56].

Conclusion

Of the four most important databases, the ones with the highest number of published articles related to the study variable are Scopus and EBSCO host. The original articles have been selected according to various selection processes of inclusion and exclusion, leaving only those that contain the study variable that are 24 articles. The concept of logical thinking has evolved over time and thanks to the advancement of science and technology that has contributed to developing and fortifying the logical reasoning of school children through the resolution of difficulties and not only by learning concepts. Logical thinking is the solvency of solving difficulties, they value the logical norms are achieved to conceive and transfer knowledge, the logical and scientific do not exist without being related, the logical judgment endorses and refines the mathematical thought, it is strengthened with an appropriate understanding and agile exit from the problem.

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