Description

Psychiatry Mental disorders, also known as psychiatric or psychological disorders, encompass a wide range of conditions that affect a person's thoughts, emotions, behavior, and overall mental well-being. These disorders can have a profound impact on individuals' daily lives, relationships, and functioning. Understanding mental disorders is crucial for promoting empathy, reducing stigma, and providing appropriate support and treatment.

Classification of mental disorders

Mental disorders are classified into various categories based on diagnostic criteria established by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). The DSM-5 categorizes disorders into different classes, including mood disorders (e.g., depression and bipolar disorder), anxiety disorders (e.g., generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder), psychotic disorders (e.g., schizophrenia), personality disorders (e.g., borderline personality disorder), and neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder). These classification provide a framework for understanding and diagnosing men- -tal health condtions

Common symptoms and effects

Mental disorders manifest through a variety of symptoms that can significantly impact an individual's well-being. Symptoms may include persistent sadness, extreme worry or fear, changes in sleep patterns, impaired concentration, social withdrawal, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. These symptoms can interfere with daily functioning, relationships, and overall quality of life. For example, depression may cause profound sadness, lack of interest in previously enjoyed activities, and feelings of worthlessness, while anxiety disorders may lead to excessive and uncontrollable worry that hampers one's ability to engage in normal activities.

Causes and risk factors

The development of mental disorders is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Genetic predisposition can increase the vulnerability to certain disorders, while imbalances in brain chemicals (neurotransmitters) are associated with mood and anxiety disorders. Environmental factors, such as childhood trauma, chronic stress, and substance abuse, can also contribute to the development of mental health conditions. Furthermore, social determinants like poverty, discrimination, and social isolation can exacerbate the risk. It's important to note that mental disorders are not caused by personal weakness or character flaws but are legitimate medical conditions.

Treatment and support

Mental disorders are treatable conditions, and recovery is possible with appropriate interventions. Treatment options may include psychotherapy (such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy), medication (such as antidepressants or antipsychotics), or a combination of both. Additionally, lifestyle modifications, including regular exercise, healthy diet, stress reduction techniques, and social support networks, play a significant role in managing mental health conditions. Early intervention and access to mental healthcare services are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing further complications.

Mental disorders are prevalent worldwide, affecting individuals across all age groups and backgrounds. By understanding the classifications, symptoms, causes, and available treatments for mental disorders, we can foster a more compassionate and supportive society. It is important to challenge the stigmatization surrounding mental health issues and promote open conversations to encourage help-seeking behaviors. By investing in mental health resources, raising awareness, and prioritizing mental health in healthcare systems, we can enhance the overall well-being of individuals living with mental disorders and create a more inclusive and empathetic society.

Citation: An Overview on Mental Disorders, its Classifications and Risk Factors ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 24 (5) May, 2023; 1-2.